Social Mobility :: essays research papers

Forrest Gump coined the phrase Life is like a box of chocolates from the film Forrest Gump, released in 1994. In 2001, I am putting a spin on it in terms I understand The M&M straighten out structure. Growing up, red candies were the most coveted of all the candy-covered chocolate treats. Once the Mars Chocolate Company introduced the blue M&M in 96, in became instantly popular. Even though they were not somewhat as long as the others, they still took over the throne as the ruling swiftness affiliate in the M&M world. The orange and green were a step down in the upper-middle and turn down middle descriptores respectively. Last, and definitely least, were the yellow and brown ones The lower class candies that no one cared about and had no fair chance of making it big.M&Ms serve as a line of latitude to what it is like to live in America and many other countries alike. There are many different social classes in America The primary upper class, which have the most influence and power of all the classes. Then there are the corporate and working middle-classes. Thirdly there is the lower class. Upon being labelled within that specific group it is particularly difficult to move up the socioeconomic ladder, and obviously achievable to move down it. Once in a while, people can make leaps and bounds up the ladder (though its quite unlikely). A one famous television theme song depicts Movin on up. The purpose of the research in this musical composition is to define these classes, explain what seems to be the reason mobility it is so difficult throughout these classes, and how and why these classes are formed. For the purpose of this paper it is important to properly define exactly what a socioeconomic class structure is. One definition that has been accepted more often than, according to Parkin is that class is a concept that allows us to organize our differences by grouping things or people in categories based on their resemblance, or non-resemblance to each other in accordance with a certain criteria (4). We are free to choose whatever criteria we like. Class is not a new subject. Social and economic groups have been around since man has been dominating the earth. In medieval and roman times right through until the industrial, status was defined by to how much land a individual owned. Nevertheless, classes are made to categorize people whether it is how much land a person owns or how big their SUV is.

Resurrection in A Tale of Two Cities :: Tale Two Cities Essays

Resurrection in A Tale of Two Cities   During a term of lost hope, death and war, the golden thread, Lucie Manette plays the roll of a heroine doing everything she can to make sure the important people in her life are loved. Lucie provides not unaccompanied warmth toward her father, Dr. Manette, but also towards the man that yearns for Lucies love Sydney Carton. Despite all the negativity that surrounds Lucie and her loved ones, she doesnt fail to lead her father and Carton to metempsychosis.   Unlike the subroutine of actual birth, rebirth is associated with rejuvenation. Rebirth is a second or new birth and in the case of A Tale of Two Cities it is deserved. Rebirth is envisioned as nothing close to the literal meaning of birth at all. Charles Dickens makes it obvious that Dr. Manette and Carton both deserve a second feel by showing that they both really are good people. In chapter 19, Dr. Manette earns rebirth by gaining the strength to mentally and lit erally walk away from the disallow attitude that is associated with his shoemaking bench and his past times. Carton shows that he deserves rebirth in chapter 13 by proving that he is a good and caring psyche when he tells Lucie that even though he craves her love, all he wants is for her to be happy.   After Dr. Manettes imprisonment in the Bastille for 18 years, the only thing he willingly says is 105 north tower and is seemingly hypnotized by his shoemaking bench. This is where Dickens lets the reader know that Dr. Manettes imprisonment drives him insane. When Dr. Manette is rescued by Defarge and brought to his long lost daughter, rebirth does not take place immediately, as the doctor continues to repeat things to himself. In chapter 5, Lucie is portrayed as a caring character simply by the comment given of her, as well as others reactions to her. ...His eyes rested on a short, slight, pretty figure, a quantity of golden hair and a touch of blue eyes that met his own. From simply the description given of Lucie, she can be recognized as a caring person. Lorrys reaction to Lucie also strengthens Lucies caring glow.

Technology and Education Essay -- essays papers

Technology and EducationWhen I first stepped foot into a Towson University classroom I was surprised by what I motto. What I saw was something I thought only belonged in corporate meeting rooms. This device I speak of was a digital overhead projector. For me this was something new and very exciting. Where I went to school the idea of technology was a television with a VCR on a rolling stand. This change in technology was far first-rate than I had ever imagined and this is why I was I chose this topic to research. With every last(predicate) of the new technology that is being produced daily and so much of it beneficial to our didactics system what topic could be more interesting. The three topics I would like to cover in my research are the pros and cons of technology in tuition, current technology being used in education, and the future of technology in the classroom.When debating on whether or not technology in education is a useful resource in that location are many argumen ts from both sides of the argument with the pros outweighing the cons. There are many ways that technology can improve the education of children all over the country. Using technology can improve a students performance when all of these factors are present, when technology provides the student a chance to work with the technology being used to memorize the class. Also when the technology is directly tied into the course and when the parents and other people in the association support the technology being used. There is also the convenience factor that makes technology so useful in the classroom. With digital projectors teachers can put all of their notes onto power point slides and teach straight from those instead of having to take time to write everything on the board and if a studen... ...many more online classes and schools. Right now there are a few online schools that have proven to be very successful and many schools are offering online classes. In the upcoming years the kernel of these schools and classes will without a doubt increase.Technology has and will play a vital part in education. In the past it was very difficult to teach students something other than what was in the text book or in the local library. With the advancement of technology and the internet teachers can now teach a broader stretch of topics that students could research on the internet. Also with all of this technology it makes the learning process simpler and somewhat more enjoyable. I dont the world would be where it is and go where it is going without this technology, it creates a very heterogeneous society and allows people to study things they never thought they could.

The Jacksonian Era Essay -- American History, Politics

Three specific ship canal in which American expanding upon make the Jacksonian period was through and through the advancement of technology, by way of slavery, and the Indian Removal Act. Jackson used any political and economic means inevitable in order to see American frontier regions expand across the nation. Jacksons Indian Removal policy had some of the well-nigh definitive consequences and paved the way toward American expansion. In the beginning of the Jacksonian era, colonial Americans settlements had not yet extended far beyond the Atlantic seaboard, partly because unspeakable roads and primitive technology limited their ability to expand, and because both hostile Indians and British imperial policy discouraged migration beyond Appalachian Mountains. However, every last(predicate) of this changed afterward Jackson was in office and American expansion was well underway. One of the ways in which American expansion shaped the Jacksonian period was through technology. The economic and political growth as well as American settlement can only be described in detail as a side effect of the advancement in technology. First the rising dominance of trade, commerce, and growth would not have been possible without the development of the first canals and thence the railroads. (C-108) For example, Western New York had not yet been settled by white Americans. It was not until the impact of the Erie Canal that things began to change. The Erie Canal was one of the most significant and largest transference projects of the era. Even before the project was completed, production of wheat began to take off and was shipped to eastern customers. Toll revenues on the canal grew so large that the project became self-financing. The expansion of westward trade turned New York into an urban powerhouse. ... ...The Indian Removal Act was all a part of Jacksons expansion process, and he would stop at nothing until America made the most of its land. American expansion shaped the Jacksonian period in a number of ways which included the advancement of technology, by way of slavery, and most importantly through the Indian Removal Act. Although, very diverse, these three aspects are similar in that they all made their mark during the Jacksonian period. Technology and new developments had connected this vast expansion of land being acquired. Slavery had helped acquire these lands because of the labor needed for production. And most importantly, the Indian Removal Act had made a clear statement that Americans were taking over what was rightfully theirs. American expansion would not have been possible if not for these three ideas which greatly affected the Jacksonian period.

College Sports: Paying Division One Athletes Essay -- College Sports

College Sports Paying Division One Athletes A huge debate has been on the rise lately relating to why division one athletes should get paid on top of obtaining a scholarship. The proposal states that athletes should be eligible to receive money based on a percent of profit their school stumbles. Although some say division one athletes already have all of their needs taken c ar of, helping athletes with extra expenses in college is essential. Because full ride scholarships take care of most costs for athletes, many a(prenominal) argue they already have school paid for, and extra money isnt necessary. On the other hand, athletes spend so much time and effort in their specific sport they dont have time to name extra money, which establishes the need for money from their school. Either way, the decision to pass a law of this magnitude is still up in the air.Athletic scholarships are a great way to receive a free education and many people believe that school is the only thi ng it should pay for. There are many reasons as to why individuals argue this. One consequence of passing a law relating to student-athletes receiving money may be possibly corrupting the NCAA system. Because the phone line is based on how much the sport makes for the school, gambling and shaving points may occur more frequently in intercollegiate athletics. Shaving points is a rule people use to pay off players if they miss shots on purpose in order to lose. Already a huge problem, this suggests athletes might have easier approach to money and would affect their play. Another reason that athletes should not get paid is because they arent professionals yet. If they want to be paid, students need to enter themselves into a draft and make it their job. ... ...m the school they attend and sport they play.In my experiences as a student athlete, I can vouch for those in favor of paying student athletes. Because I need more money to help me through college, I had to apply for financial aid and eventually received a grant. There are many additional expenses I have encountered in just my first semester as a student athlete. An estimate of how much money I spend from each one semester is around 100 dollars. These expenses range from shampoo to eating out when the cafeteria is closed. The amount of time I spend as an athlete each week takes up at least 20 hours. The combination of time spent for basketball and personal needs demonstrates why student athletes should receive money. Im amazed at how many things require money from my own pocket. The bottom line is student athletes need to start getting paid even if its minimal.

College Sports: Paying Division One Athletes Essay -- College Sports

College Sports Paying Division One Athletes A huge debate has been on the rise lately relating to why division genius athletes should get paid on top of obtaining a scholarship. The proposal states that athletes should be eligible to receive specie ground on a percentage of take in their inculcate makes. Although some say division one athletes already have all of their engages taken care of, helping athletes with free expenses in college is essential. Because well(p) ride scholarships take care of most costs for athletes, some argue they already have school paid for, and extra money isnt necessary. On the other hand, athletes spend so much time and effort in their specific sport they dont have time to earn extra money, which establishes the need for money from their school. Either way, the decision to pass a law of this magnitude is still up in the air.Athletic scholarships are a big way to receive a free education and many plurality believe that school is the on ly thing it should pay for. There are many reasons as to why individuals argue this. One consequence of passing a law relating to student-athletes receiving money may be possibly corrupting the NCAA system. Because the argument is based on how much the sport makes for the school, gambling and shaving points may occur more frequently in intercollegiate athletics. Shaving points is a method people use to pay off players if they miss shots on purpose in order to lose. Already a huge problem, this suggests athletes might have easier access to money and would affect their play. Another reason that athletes should not get paid is because they arent professionals yet. If they want to be paid, students need to enter themselves into a draft and make it their job. ... ...m the school they attend and sport they play.In my experiences as a student athlete, I can vouch for those in favor of paying student athletes. Because I need more money to help me through college, I had to apply fo r financial aid and eventually received a grant. There are many extra expenses I have encountered in just my first semester as a student athlete. An estimate of how much money I spend each semester is approximately 100 dollars. These expenses range from shampoo to eating out when the cafeteria is closed. The amount of time I spend as an athlete each week takes up at least 20 hours. The combination of time spent for basketball and personal needs demonstrates why student athletes should receive money. Im amazed at how many things require money from my own pocket. The bottom line is student athletes need to start getting paid even if its minimal.

Pastor

Often many times within a church family such as dramatize with only over thirty five hundred partners there are bound to be conflict. Any environment whether large or sm altogether we are all deal, with personalities that some time come together in a elan that does not al rooms show the church family in the best of light. I specify people experience at livers as we are designed to be different and we are in a way.We as believers are called to be different, still we are people. This transformation comes not from our doing but through the transforming power of the Holy Spirit. This paper leave outline a situation at which such an authority was brought to light. The manner in which the situation was handled by the diplomatic ministeral cater, and finally, the outcome from the situation as well(p) as the change that took place due to the situation. In consecrate to understand the situation we must talk about the foulground behind the situation. A few years back Grace Co venant Church had a subgenus Pastor by the name of Karri. diplomatic minister Karri and my mother got along quite well. As far back as I could remember Pastor Karri and my mother fall it off like sisters. Pastor Karri daughter would come over to my mothers house unannounced and stay for the day Just to sit and talk. Quite a lot Pastor Carries daughter would find herself at my mothers house to take a load off in between classes. Pastor Carries daughter Jollied was going to college located in Statistical located about five minutes away from the campus. Jollied would stay hours at a time after she was done with school. I found this to be quite out of the ordinary.Sometime my wife Jessica and I would go up there to see my mom Alba and stay for some time. We would arrive there to find Jollied already there she would end up staying as long as I did. I remember one time she stayed there until the sun went down. I often asked myself why would she stay here this long? It would seem that Jo llied did not want to go home. My mother kept her promise never to bring up situations that were talked about, and I know it was the hardest thing for my mother to do because she loves to talk. My mother is a talker. She can keep a person on the phone until you fall asleep and she will not even know you fell asleep.One day my mother did break the bond of silence and confided in me on a particular situation. My mother began to stretch along the situation that struck her in the heart and she did not know how to handle it. I told her that I would never speak of it, so I will watch my promise to her. Needless to say the situation came out within the clownish staff and LEAD team in the church. It was brought to our attention due to the pastoral staffs gather up for us to come together in prayer. The conflict that arose was a preference in the way things should be handled within her family by a pastor within the Grace Covenant family.A situation had broken out with Pastors Carries dau ghter. The denominational hierarchy as well as the pastoral staff cute the situation to be handled in a manner that would not bring to light a situation that could be looked upon by the church partners and the denomination as a pastor that did not know how to maintain control of their family. Here is where I experience the problem with the situation and the handling of it within the denomination. People fall short all the mime, that is what missing the mark is.When people in the church family miss the mark those people are not shunned or set aside as outcasts? Those people choose to confess the sin that brought them down, repent of their sin, are forgiven because God is a merciful God and they are led on a Journey which leads them back to the fold of Gods arms. My question is very simple, given this circumstance. If the daughter of a pastor was the causing the situation would it not be in the best interest of the church to bring all parties in the situation in and try to come too place where leaning can happen in the pastors family as well as the church family?The pastoral staff was being told by the denominational board to handle the situation one way, and the pastoral staff its self wanted to handle the situation anther way. Here is where the conflict resided for about six months within the church. Pastor Peripheral and the church staff wanted the healing process to be held within the family before it became worse. The church had come together the way a family should in times of trouble. There was conflict between the denomination and the pastoral staff, united gather by the conflict between the pastor Carries feelings and her daughter.This tension and conflict brought much division into the church for some months. While the pressure continued to come out within pastor Carries family, as well as the church for the situation, there were grumblings of tension being felt with other staff and volunteers. As I look back at the situation I saw things happening that should not have been happening. John 171 1 states Jesus prayed that all believers would be one. Jesus did not want conflict to arise within His people. I could not understand why the research was pushing so hard to have resolve in this recognize, in the manner they choose.The back and forth went on for a few and finally Pastor Karri put in her resignation. I securely believe this was not the right way to handle what had gone even, this is what took place. I esteem what really bothered me about the whole situation looking at it in hindsight is all the secrecy that took place. I guess I would have understood if the conflict was interpersonal, that is one thing. This conflict seemed to rest along the sides of organizational views. Could I have less than all the information I believe this could be true.I also look back at the way the pastoral staff handled the issue with Pastor Derrick and I see the staffs willingness to invite the body of Grace Covenant into the sorrow that h ad taken place. On the other hand Grace Covenant pastoral staff went in front of the church one Sunday and told the body effective immediately Pastor Karri will no longer be on staff at Grace. The reason that was provided was a difference of views. I do not know about you but that was not enough for me. Especially that pastor Karri was overseeing the entire womans spieling group.This did not settle easy with me nor did it settle with many partners either. As with any conflict within the body of Christ, many women left the church over the decision that took place. My mother and many others stayed due to a trust which developed over time for the pastoral staff to conduct themselves in a manner that promotes Gods glory not their own. I can see the growth throughout the pastoral staff from one incident to the next. In regards to Pastor Carries incident the staff was very tight lipped about what the reasons for her leaving the church.The pastoral Taft noticed the disruption this kind of activity had upon the cohesiveness of the body at Grace. This type of be and unknown within the body would spread like a poison within the body. The pastoral staff did not want this at all. We fast fore months later and the situation with Pastor Derrick arises and not to have a lingering cloud over the body at Grace the truth in all its ugliness was brought out into the open. There is growth and one would say conflict prevention within the body through the two examples. Personally I cannot think of a way to prevent conflict.As I mentioned in my peeing statement. We are all people with different personalities. I do however believe the way to which we conduct ourselves in the midst of conflict is a direct reflection of Christ in our lives. Our example of this is our Lord and Savior Jesus. When the soldiers came to take Him away in the garden of Statement He did not put up a fight. Even as Peter cut Off soldiers ear, Jesus told him those who live by the sword die by the sword. At the center of conflict Jesus remained in peace. He is our example of living amongst personalities that are different from ours yet living in as one.

Limit of Power: the End of American Exceptionalism

The Limit of military unit The End of American Exceptionalism In The Limit of Power by Andrew J. Bacevich, he argues intimately the major flaws Of United States with a general theme of freedom and how the U. S has an imperial ambition that uses military to try and guarantee ongoing consumption by the public for the economic powerfulness of the elite. Also he says that the fundamental flaw of American Foreign policy lies in the Imperial Presidency and the permanent Nation warrantor that controlled the formulation and executive of American Foreign Policy throughout the Cold War.This partnership grew and it is now entrenched in our bureaucracy since that time. From this Bacevich identifies three crises that the United States is facing crisis of profligacy, policy-making crisis, and ramificationy crisis but the current crisis presents an opportunity to fundamentally address our course or face certain and dramatic dec. First the author introduced the title The Limit of Power as Un ited States search for freedom that has raised responsibility and surged the awkward with mass amount of increasing debt without a solution to pay it off.Then he ties that in with the crisis of profligacy, where he discusses the ascendancy of the United States after World War II economic world order and the fundamental economic strength derived from the victory in the context of European and Japanese destruction. Earlier the United States achieved a stand of live that became the envy of the world, then that began to shift in the late Vietnam War period. This happened because daub World War II the United States had been the number one producer of petroleum and later the companies determined the price of oil.Then there developed a decline that was irreversible and the price setting of crude oil became the responsibility of a new producing group, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (p. 29). He moves on to talk about the economic decline and President Carters choice o f energy dependency challenging Reagans optimism for the economy. This resulted in Reagans victory and a period of spending that was non supported by fundamental economic strength. Instead the trends then go through only continued and debt has supplemented earning power in American life.Then the bills for the profligacy eventually came repayable and the American charge of life has outstripped the means available to satisfy it. In account to the political crisis, Bacevich argues that in the post-World War II, Congress renounced its role in the checks and remainder system, allowing for the creation of the Imperial Presidency. The National Security rendered this situation intolerable by displacing the voters as the final conciliators of the American policy. Many Presidents come and go, but the National Security stays in place, much to the detriment of any President coming to Washington phoneing they will actually change anything.Bacevich substantiates this with many examples of Pr esidents that become suspects of advisors. He also interposes the political crisis with a discussion about NSC-68 it provided the United States with an early sense of how the postwar habits of deferring to the Wise Men has wrought. The foreign policy exemplified by the ii World War II era leaders, Henry Stimson and James Forrestal, showed their unalike styles both were Wall Street republicans and served under Franklin D.Roosevelt, but yet they both had different traditions. When Stimson served, he exemplified the conservative reaction to circumstances and that meant that he was cool and measured. On the other hand James Forrestal was more of a pessimist and tended to emphasize potential threats as always imminent. Unfortunately it got to him so much that he broke down and committed suicide. Bacevich explained that while Stimson remained respected, the majority of advisors emulated Forrestal (p. 107).For the military crisis Bacevich builds on the previous crisis of profligacy and p olitical crisis and moves into the area of his greatest strength of military policy. He puts together the various forms of conventional wisdom as they emerged at various times. Also he think thats the endless War on Terror represents a clear over-extension of American capability and if continued will accelerate decline. Financially, the sputtering War on Terror and the unrealistic expectations of the American electorate will combine to continue unrealistic policies that solve nothing.Bacevich then lays out that the axiom that all Small Wars are wars of empire, and that is not what we should be engaged in prosecuting. Bacevichs argument blamed the military and the Bush administration for the crises that is occurring in the United Sates as merely irrational. The crisis cannot be solved by sending men and women of this country to a war that is constantly degrading them. The author also mentions the Department of demurrer for not doing their job and what they actually do has nothing to do with their job description instead it specializes in power protection (p. ). Bacevich sees no relevance for the Department of Defense with the exception of the war in Afghanistan and Iraq since September 11. He criticizes the government for reflecting its decision on the September 11 events. When the underlying problem is Americas failure to recognize that all our problems cannot be solved by replaces things like our head executive (president). The only way the U. S can move forward is realize that it is a hardworking, striving, independent country that long accomplished many things by working together to make American a place that it once was.Bacevich continues on his criticism of the Department of Defense for being more accurately described as the Department of Power Projection and it needs to get back to doing defense. Furthermore, he ends the military crisis chapter by stating that the substantive problem is not the size of our Army, but what we are asking it to do. Militar y capability does not make up for age old fixed be of conflicts. Moreover, any foreign policy needs to be grounded in sound fiscal policy otherwise it is unsustainable in the long run.For the most part I agree with Andrew Bacevichs viewpoints about the three of crisis that the United States is facing. He make a great point about how America and its citizens are a completely acculturation and have an entirely different mindset than just many decades ago. I completely applaud Bacevich for not holding back in diagnosing the problems that have long plagues the nation bust but are only now manifesting them to the public. This book is a must read because it is incumbent upon American people to arm themselves with what is happening to this country and what they can do as citizen.The focus is to first recognizing our limits then we can change the course of the United State. To an absolute great way to sum everything up Andrew Bacevich said To hard-core nationalists and neoconservatives, t he acceptance of limits suggests retrenchment or irreversible decline. In fact, the reverse is true. Acknowledging the limits of American power is a precondition for stanching the losings of recent decades and for preserving the hard-won gains of earlier generations going back to the founding of the Republic

Complex adaptive systems Essay

IntroductionOrganizations should always adapt to a changing environment. The business environment is characterized by a number of changes which atomic number 18 a result of many factors, both external and internal. Nature is continuously changing and adapting. According to the manifold adaptive systems theory, organizations must keep on revising their goals to come up with something new. This can be d mavin through canvassing new ways of doing things, as dictated by the changes in the society. The theory asserts that instinctive variations create confusion and chaos, and ensure long-term survival. In addition to this, some of these variations are useless to nature. The study of the relationship between chaos, adaptability and survival is very proficient for all organizations (Holland, 1992).For our case Company, Costco, the managers must understand how the natural world influences business strategy. The managers ought to take into consideration that only a few of the natural va riations succeed. This has a serious implication on leadership and innovation at Costco.To be strategically placed in the retail industry, Costco ought to understand that at that place is a need to test survival strategies to identify the most adaptive innovation. Innovation is all about coming with something new, but it is greatly influenced by adaptive systems. A study of complex adaptive systems will help Costco understand how natural systems interact, survive and adapt over time.This way, Costco can up with a strategy that can remain relevant even when natural systems change. The company should understand that boundaries cannot be imposed from outside. For Costco these boundaries are management hierarchies, division offices, departments, and so forth. For the complex adaptive systems to function fully there ought to be continuous feedback. The feedback can be positive or negative (Lansing, 2003). Costco must understand that positive feedback will elevate their outputs while neg ative one will lower their profitability. For those reason, Costco should carry out forecasts to understand the future.ReferencesLansing, J. S. (2003). Complex adaptive systems. Annual review of anthropology, 183-204.Holland, J. H. (1992). Complex adaptive systems. Daedalus, 17-30.

“Brokeback Mountain” by Annie Proulx Essay

Broke anchor MountainAnnie Proulx was born on August 22, 1935, in Norwich, Connecticut, into a family of farmers, mill workers, inventors, and artists whose ancestors had operated there for iii centuries. Because of her fathers c areer in textiles, Proulxs family constantly moved, so she lived in several states, including North Carolina, Vermont, Maine, and Rhode Island. She earned a bachelors horizontal surface in hi written report from the University of Vermont in 1969 and then went on to graduate from Concordia University with a Masters degree in Art in 1973 (Info Please). Starting as a Journalist, her first published work of fiction was The Costums Lounge and she subsequently published stories in Grays Sporting Journal in the upstart 1970s, even outtually publishing her first collection in 1988 and her first novel in 1992.Proulx has twice won the O. Henry Prize for the course of instructions shell short story (Info Please). In 1998, she won for Brokeback Mountain, which ha d appeared in The New Yorker on October 13, 1997. Proulx won again the by-line year for The Mud Below, which appeared in The New Yorker June 22 and 29, 1999. Both appear in her 1999 collection of short stories, Close Range Wyoming Stories. Proulx emphasizes a heartbreaking tale of two homo finish upual individuals who struggle to be together, jump out by the norms and rules of society.I found Brokeback Mountain to be a rattling real and compassionate tale of two cowboys who unexpectedly found acknowlight-emitting diodege in each other. In a most peaceful aspect, away from the world, two cowboys embody one of the most disquieting issues affecting our entire culture. The pain experient by every character is believable as is the anger. Proulx does a great bloodline of letting Enniss confusion and his accompanying anger percolate downstairs the cloak of social conformity. It is a gar manpowert that doesnt fit, yet he is terrified to remove it. Proulx helps depict the depth of pa in experienced when the object of love is socially unacceptable, and the anger one experiences when forced to live dishonestly.Proulx is the narrator of Brokeback Mountain. She posits the story of Ennis Del Mar and seaman Twists summer on Brokeback Mountain, and the many an(prenominal) years after that, and the deep love they develop for one another in an intolerant world.The point of view of the story is third person omniscient. The account is real in tone and employs description and dialogue to examine the actions, emotions and thoughts of the characters.Proulx describes a sequence of events from a beginning point in time, when the characters are introduced in the year 1963 in Wyoming, to the end of the story nearly 20 years later. Throughout the story, Ennis and prick reunite for brief liaisons on camping trips in remote settings all over the course of 20 years. Proulx uses setting details to heighten the thematic significance of the story. The most effective use of setting as symbol occurs when she juxtaposes harsh and stunning images of the landscapes cruel beauty to suggest the difficult nature of Enniss and bulls relationship.The story starts out with Ennis Del Mar getting a job on the bay window as a sheep herder with mother fucker Twist. Day after day, Ennis tends the camp while Jack herds the sheep and sleeps out on the mountain with them. One day, when Jack complains closely his commutin four hours a day, he accepts Enniss offer to switch jobs. Every evening, they piece of ground supper by the campfire, talking horses and rodeo, rough transmission line events, wrecks and injuries sustained, (Proulx 75) and other details of their hard lives in the West. Toward the end of the summer when they shift the camp, the distance Ennis has to ride out to the sheep grows longer and he begins to stay later at the camp at night.One evening, after the two sing drunken songs by the campfire, Ennis decides it is too late to go out to the sheep and so be ds down at the campsite. After his shivering wakes Jack, he insists that Ennis share his bedroll. Soon after, the two have sex, something Ennis had never done before. Their knowledgeable activity live ons more frequent in the following days while they some(prenominal) insist that neither of them is queer. One day the foreman, Joe Aguirre, watches them together through his binoculars. At the end of the summer, When Jack asks Ennis if he is coming back to the mountain the next summer, Ennis tells him that he will be getting married in December and then will try to denudation work on a ranch. Jack determines to go back home and then maybe to Texas, and the two say an awkward goodbye. As Ennis drives away, his gut wrenches and he feels as great(p) as he ever had. Ennis marries Almaand their first child, Alma Jr., is born a year later and after their second child is born, Alma convinces Ennis to get a place in town, so she doesnt have to deal with anymore lonesome ranches. Four summ ers after their first on Brokeback Mountain, Jack visits Ennis. When Jack first arrives, he and Ennis share a passionate embrace, watched by Alma.When Jack meets Alma, he announces that he too is married and has a baby boy. After a few awkward moments, Ennis and Jack leave, pick up a bottle of whiskey and head for a motel where they spend the night together. They talk of how they missed each other and Jack suggests that he married his wife, Lureen, because she came from a wealthy family. Ennis admits that he has been thinking about whether he is gay, but insists that he is not because though he does not enjoy sex with women, he has not been with any other man. Jack declares the same. After the two express their passion for each other, Ennis determines that nothing can be done since they both have families and warns Jack that if they are seen together, they may be killed. The only future Ennis can see for the two of them is to get together once in a while, explaining if you cant fix it you got to stand it. After a while, Ennis and Alma begin to grow apart and she starts to resent him for not finding a steady job, and always going with Jack on fishing trips.Eventually, they divorce and Alma remarries but stays in touch with Ennis and lets him visit their children. During the following years, Ennis and Jack occasionally meet on different ranges throughout the West. One night, they catch each other up on their lives, both admitting affairs with women and problems with their own children. After complaining about the low density of their time together, Jack suggests that they move to Mexico, but Ennis declines, insisting that he has to stay and work. Months later, when Ennis receives back a postcard he had sent to Jack marked DECEASED, he calls Lureen, who informs him that Jack was killed when a tire blew up in his face.Ennis suspects, however, that he was murdered after he was caught with another man. He makes a trip to see Jacks parents and offers to take Jacks ashes up to Brokeback Mountain, where Jack had told Lureen that he wanted to be buried. During the visit, Ennis goes up to Jacks room where he finds Jacks shirt, which is covered in Enniss blood. Inside the shirt, he finds one of his own. Ennis then buries his face in Jacks shirt, hoping to be able to comprehend his scent, but there is nothing there. Before Ennis leaves, Mr. Twist informs him thatJacks ashes will be buried in the family plot. Ennis would have dreams of Jack and visions of their time in Brokeback Mountain, which fills him with both sorrow and joy.The protagonist of the story are Jack Twist and Ennis Del Mar. Proulx gives a good description of both stating They were raised on small, poor ranches in opposite corners of the state, Jack Twist in Lightning Flat, up on the Montana border, Ennis del Mar from around Sage, near the Utah line, both high school pull down out country boys with no prospects, brought up to hard work and privation, both rough mannered, rough spok en, inured to the stoic life(Proulx 74.) The antagonist of the story would be the locals and society for killing Jack because they didnt find it acceptable for a man to be living with another man. I think both Ennis and Jack changed because they were both very masculine, rough, cowboys who had never been with a man before until they had a sexual encounter with each other and realized they were in love. This change is very believable because there are many people in our society today who are homosexual, marry their partners, and even take pride in universe gay.The storys use of language is informal. Informal language is characterized by spontaneous speech and situations that describe natural or real life. Its used by family and friends, which proves the story has informal dialogue with casual conversation.The external encroach of the story is Man versus Society. Jack and Ennis must hide their relationship because of its unchaste content. Thus, they live a life hiding from their tr ue feelings. At times they even tried to deny their nature. Because of the threat of being ostracized and possible killed, these men led a life separate from their love for one another. In the end, their prejudice, along with everyone elses, killed Jack. The internal conflict of the story is Man versus Himself. Proulx sketches a picture of two men who live in a constant struggle with their ideas of morality and presents a devastating study of Jack and Ennis subsequent struggle with both their families and their work as they try to come to terms with their sexual relationship. In exploring the intimacies and sexual pleasures emerging fromthis masculine world, Proulx captures the destruction and isolation, which comes from both mens disapproval of their homosexual tendencies.Proulx identifies this conflict when she writes, There was some open space between what he knew and what he tried to believe, but nothing could be done about it, and if you cant fix it youve got to stand it (Proul x 79). Throughout the story the reader sees Jack and Ennis deal with the fact that they do not approve of their own feelings. The moral norm in the American West was that homosexuals are perverts. Ennis lives his adult life plagued by the remembrance of a man who was brutally killed because people thought him to be a homosexual. In essence these two live a life that could have been a lot happier if there werent prejudices that prevented them from being together. What I find most arouse is that it wasnt other peoples prejudices that kept them apart these men are kept apart by their own morals. They truly believed that their homosexuality was immoral.The mop up of the story is when Ennis sends Jack a postcard about getting together in November and it got sent back to him stamped DECEASED. After Ennis visits Jacks parents and they tell him of Jack trying to fix up a ranch for him and another man, Ennis realizes that it wasnt the tire that blew out that killed him. The locals murdered him for being homosexual and there was no resolution. As Ennis said, If you cant fix it youve got to stand it.I found that Proulx used the descriptive settings as a symbol. The most effective use of setting as symbol occurs when she describes harsh and beautiful images of the landscapes cruel beauty to suggest the difficult nature of Enniss and Jacks relationship. For example, she describes the angelic cold air of the mountain on their first morning with the phallic rearing lodge pole pines massed in slabs of somber malachite(Proulx 74). When Ennis and Jack begin their sexual relationship, Proulx captures its harsh and exhilarating duality when she describes Jack and Ennis as flying in the euphoric, bitter air (Proulx 76) on the mountain.The title of the story is Brokeback Mountain. The title is the line of the mountain where Ennis and Jack worked together when they first met.Brokeback Mountain represents all the memories the two cowboys had together and where their intimacy and love for each other deepened.I believe the story only had one significant meaning which was that although love is prescriptively understood by people as a feeling between a man and a woman, as the evolution of human beings continues, love should be looked in another way. Any two people, no matter what gender or race, can find love.Shame is a major theme in the story. Enniss internalization of the belief that homosexuality is indecent and punishable by death, causes him to be ashamed about the intensity of his feelings for Jack. At the beginning of their relationship on the mountain, he insists that he is not queer, that their feelings for each other are not indicative of his sexual orientation.His shame, conjugate with his need to maintain his marriage in the face of public scrutiny, causes him to lie continually to Alma about his feelings for Jack, insisting that when she catches the two in a heated embrace, their actions are a result of their not having seen each other for years. His internalized homophobia makes him unable to accept himself or act congruently. Ennis needs to maintain the illusion of a conventional life, even if that life denies him the one person he desires most.The plot of this short story mirrors many experiences that gays have had to deal with in todays society, such as banding gay marriages or homosexual hate crimes. There have been many incidents where homosexuals have been threatened, abused, and even killed because people dont agree with their lifestyles.Although I was very skeptical about reading this story at first, I found it to be very eye opening and real. Proulx does a wonderful job of telling a tale of two men who develop a deep love for each other but who are forced to live separate lives in an intolerant world. I think the story will help people empathize diversity in each other and become more tolerant.Works CitedAnnie Proulx Biography. Info Please. 2007. Information Please Database. 13 Oct. 2008 .Proulx, Annie. Brokeback Mountain. The New Yorker 13 Oct. 1997 74-85.

Interview Questions for Manager Profiles Essay

Q1.What do you think are the challenges for Hero MotoCorp at this moment? Q2.What steps would you take to meet the challenges? Q3.Describe a situation in which you were required to handle an unsatisfactory customer. Q4.How has your previous company benefited from you? Q5.What are the most important skills that are required for this job profile? Which of these do you have and founding fathert have? Q6.What life lessons does a management degree teach? Q7.Tell us approximately a time when, as a team leader, you had to mound with a difficult situation professionally. How did you solve the issue keeping the team members in purview?Q8.What are the two significant trends in the two wheeler industry today? Q9.Describe a situation when you had to convince a non-supporting team member to consider your plan of action. Q10.What was your specialization in your management studies? Q11.What was going on in your mind when you decided on the management specialization subjects? Q12.How has your pr evious job experience helped you personally and professionally? Q13.Describe your usual work week. What kinds of works do you do as a manager?General Interview Questions for Hero MotoCorp LtdQ1.Tell us something about yourself.Q2.What are your hobbies?Q3.What is your vision for Hero MotoCorp?Q4.How did you come to know about Hero MotoCorp? What made you apply here? Q5.Give us reasons why you want to work in this company and not any other. Q6.How do you think willing you make a difference in the company? Q7.Which product or service of Hero MotoCorp interests you the most? Why? Q8.How do you see yourself 5 old age from now?Q9.What is your expectation in terms of salary?Q10.Tell us about the competitors of Hero MotoCorp. How do these competitors rate in comparison to this company? Q11.How would you describe your function in Hero MotoCorp, if you are hired?

Doctor Faustus’ Damnation Essay

Doctor Faustus chose to be damned, although the dark spirits may have influenced him, Faustus always wanted wealth and honor. Faustus was very intelligent but with all the familiarity he had pertaining to logic, medicine, and law, it was never enough for him. With his quest for all that he could know he would never be satisfied unless he was a magician of the black arts. The damnation of Faustuss soul was his own doing it is exactly what he wanted. Only by selling his soul too Lucifer could Faustus obtain all the he desired, having ultimate knowledge.The beginning of the play shows Doctor Faustus is already interested with the black arts and magicians. These metaphysics of magicians/ and necromantic books are heavenly / Lines, circles, schemes, letters, and characters / Ay, these are those Faustus most desires. (lines 49-52). Faustus has an undying direct for knowledge that he can only get through the means of selling his soul. Obviously Faustus had no hesitation when he has summ oned Mephastophilis for the first time and demands that he be his servant for twenty-four years. This shows that Faustus does not care what he must do to become an honored and wealthy person.However the good holy person and the evil angel appear to him and try to influence his deal with Lucifer. Faustus is having indecisive thoughts on if he has done the right thing. Ah Christ my Savior proposek to save/ mad Faustus soul (line 256). The good angel is trying to tell Faustus that he can still repent and his soul will be saved, but the evil angel is reminding him that if he stays with the deal that he made, he will be wealthy and honorable. Faustus only considers repenting for a moment and then disregards that. O this feeds my soul (line 330). with his own thoughts and free will, Doctor Faustus brought the damnation onto himself. He had the opportunity to repent more than once, but even then that wasnt enough to make him see his fate.Faustus was not a sympathetic figure he was simp ly out to do whatever necessary for his own personal gain. Although his dearest friend The German Valdes and Cornelius, they greatly help Faustus journey to damnation.

The Woman’s Renaissance

Did Women Participate In The Renaissance? Thesis Women off higher fond and economic status had a broader range of opportunities such as reading, writing, and art, but were still expected to do household chores, while women of a lower frame were bound even more strictly to their domestic responsibilities. General Info Household chores came first (Cooking, cleaning, sewing, etc. If a woman did not array, she would enter a convent or live with relatives Women would never live alone or be economically self sufficient Applied to all social classes Upper year More opportunities were in stock(predicate), but women were still very suppressed Mastered multiple languages, wrote, painted etc. Were still expected to do chores despite having servants Education was available but limited Patronized the arts when possible Middle/ Lower Class Chores/children came firstHad to work alongside their husbands at their Jobs Women were not allowed to be outspoken or express themselves in any way The onl y education they received was on how to be a good wife and mother Examples Isabella detest (1474-1539) Italian renaissance woman Marguerite De Invader (1492-1549) wrote poetry and ruled Spain with her brother Francis I Catherine De Medici (1519-1589) Major political force, patron of the arts, well educated from a one-year-old age Topic Sentences 1.While upper class women had domestic duties, they were able to enjoy in a few limited opportunities like education and the arts. 2. The expectations for women of lower classes were in the main to serve traditional household roles, such as chores, rearing children, and often working with their husbands. 3. While upper class women had special opportunities, and lower class women had accredited obligations, they both put household chores before any other luxuries or responsibilities. The Womans Renaissance By gallop

Profiteering By Nonprofit Organizations Essay

Buckhoff and Parham fork everyplace documented info toward the monetary bollix of employees and volunteers within noncommercial establishments (NPOs). Citations include legal case results from some(prenominal) prominent NPOs, including Goodwill Industries and the Carnegie Institute. The query offers reasoning that corruption by an NPO may well be delinquent to the isolated unethical port of key individuals. Buckhoff and Parham review how the a few individuals affect public light of the face as a whole even when no unethical routineivities by the NPO as an organization atomic number 18 legally founded.The research offered is captious to this paper as it introduces corruption as an existing act within an NPO, but not necessarily by an NPO. Hanson, J. (2008). Culture, change, and cascading damage at a United Way. diary of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 20(1), 119. John Hanson, PhD, is the Director of Development, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare Foundation. Hanson has published over 60 papers focused upon threesome world interactions with non-profit-making organizations, political relational interaction, and complaisant standings of the Muslim faith.Hanson gives credence to social heavens come tos when nonprofit organizations aligned with governmental ideals, opposed by the general public sector, continue to aspirate civil sector funding not equitably distributed across stated mission programs. Hanson cites direct relationships in the midst of economic greed by non-profit executives through obscure programs and associated political agendas. The research introduces the term Social postulate (pp. 123-4) as Hanson provides empirical evidence towards ethical misconduct and potential profiteering.The research provided in this paper offers evidentiary support toward exploring social expectations and ethical challenges when defining profiteering by nonprofit organizations. Kelman, S. (2007). Public Administration and Organization Studies. academy Of Management Annals, 1. 225-267. Steven Kelman, PhD, is a Director of Governmental Studies at John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. Kelman has published over 64 papers and books related to the subject of organizational studies, nonprofit management, and governmental influence.This paper focuses upon academic kindles toward the progressive shift key of nonprofit entities as an isomorphic structure bridging private and civil sector service organizations. Kelman focuses upon an increasing thoughtfulness of financial greed and managerial corruption fostered by a declining interest in nonprofit studies by senior academic bodies. The article provides evidence toward the shift between methodological and empirical research necessary to capture and get across the differences between economic output and social outcomes to which governmental and non-profit organizations are accountable.This research presented is minute to the individual study of profiteerin g as it provides a compilation of historical case analysis within the (un)ethical behavior of nonprofit organizations. Levi, M. (2006). The media construction of financial white-collar crimes. British Journal of Criminology, 46(6), 1037-1057. doi10. 1093/bjc/az1079 Michael Levi, PhD, is a retired British Magistrate and professor of law. Levis research focuses primarily upon how social media build and often accelerate public concern over white-collar crimes.The critical cases assessed by Levi review for-profit activities with only a cursory review over nonprofit organizations. However, the study offers that with two for-profit and nonprofit activities, media sensationalism produces an undue criticism upon financial misconduct. The information gained from this study, supports the necessary sound judgment and comparison of financial misconduct by nonprofit activities and that of a limited number of individuals during brief moments of the organizations existence.Nahan, M. & DCruz, D. (2004).nongovernmental organizations undermining democracy. Review Institute of Public Affairs, 56(4), 7-9. Nahan and DCruz share a combined triumph of publishing over 160 studies and texts focused upon the relationship between U. S. non-profit organizations (non-governmental organizations) and a global NPO marketplace. Researching non-profit impact upon political corruption Nahan et al, observe a tendency for corrupt government offices to cast doubt upon supporting NPO programs both within the U. S. and abroad.A social-political review of the Newmont Mining Comp all and Indonesian governmental activities within its mining perseverance is provided as designated NGOs supporting activities between major entities as a public sector watchdog read broad-spectrum signs of corrupt activities. This paper supports a relationship between non-profit activities and political corruption. Rashid, S. (2006). Watchman, who watches thee? Donors and corruption in less-developed countries. Indepe ndent Review, 10(3), 411. Rashid provides a critical study over financial misconduct by public sector and third sector organizations.Over the past decades, several nations charming with the United Nations take a shit supported the development of Watchdog organizations. These are public charities or other designated NPOs given the task to monitor mission and financial related field of study and world(prenominal) activities of other public and nonprofit organizations. Rashid offers that unethical activities are not only conducted by NPO/NGO activities, but also by donors of such activities in the reporting and distribution of materials, goods, and funding.Observing NPO activities in third world nations, Rashid finds that watchdog organizations become compromised as donors assert both political and public influence. The study provides critical insight leading to question methods of monitoring, reporting, and correcting fraudulent financial activities by NPOs. Shughart, I. F. (201 1). Disaster relief as stinking public policy. Independent Review, 15(4), 519-539. Shughart summarizes the governmental and social response toward fiscal distribution and political reliance upon nonprofit organizations supporting post hurricane Katrina recovery.Shughart researches the negative results of relying upon organizations of good will when awarding liberal grants with limited means of answerability or oversight. A relevant correlation is formed, demonstrating the relationship between federally funded nonprofit emergency reduce activities and slack political controls. Seminal works by disaster scholars and government reports investigating post hurricane Katrina cited arguments regarding fiscal nepotism by executives and the path leading to long-term social sector harm.The research supports concerns of nonprofit fiscal misconduct through publically documented federal research into Hurricane Katrina activities. Tarlson, N. G. (2008). Donor-advised funds Preparing for closer scrutiny. Journal of Accounting, 205(1), 28-31. Nick Tarlson is a CPA and owner of Tarlson & Associates of San Francisco. Tarlson also acts as an adjunct faculty member of graduate programs in accounting, finance, and tax at Golden Gate University.In this publication, Tarlson summarizes congressional interests in adjusting the regulatory policies governing donor-advised funds (DAF). The interest and proposed guidance is that DAF become a standardization applied to many charitable activities with strict policies and punitive actions when do by the desired distribution of funds. Incentives are offered to both donor and charity for supporting these new policies which offer the research into NPO fiscal corruption a potential alternative and corrective action in resolution to the developing dilemma of fiscal fraud.Tilley, C. (2010). Rally to our standards. Financial Management (14719185), 50. Charles Tilley, PhD, is the CEO of the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants. He has published or edited over 100 scholarly papers and books. Governments from around the world have coalesced to establish anti-corruption agencies that operate with, yet outside of local and federal government prevue from any nation. Tilley reviews the concerns of fiscal management by NPOs from the perspective of professional accountants.A concern introduced by Tilley and pursued by the research of this paper, is the influence political decisions have upon the funding of public charities by governmental offices. This article provides an international private sector review of shared concerns by civil and public sector agents seeking to rede the cause and control mechanisms of increased fiscal mismanagement by nonprofit executives. Tuckman, H. P. , & Chang, C. E. (1998). How pervasive are abuses in fundraising among nonprofits. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 9(2), 211.Howard Tuckman, PhD, is a professor of political economy and dean of the College of Business, Virginia Commonwealt h University. Cyril Chang, PhD, is a professor of economics at the Fogel College of Business and Economics, University of Memphis. The research and publication of this paper reflect a study of fundraising abuses in 1988. The report is inherently dated and subsequently insubstantial toward validating current practices. However, the research identifies a subjective concern towards fraudulent activities that is subsequently negated, or at least minimized, following a qualitative scientific study. musical composition current articles, studies, books, and published papers identify a continued concern toward NPO fundraising and distribution of funds assimilated, the work of Tuckman and Chang present a need for continued qualitative research. It is imperative that the reasoning and outcome of this paper or similar research be included into any effort to expose unethical conduct of fiscal activities by NPOs. Werker, E. , & Ahmed, F. (2008). What do nongovernmental organizations do? The Jou rnal of Economic Perspectives, 22(2), 73-92. Werker and Ahmed summarize accountability over the past decade of government activities outsourced to nonprofit activities.Executed as a means to reduce government costs of operations, in that location is an increased number of programs redistributed from the civil sector agencies to nonprofit entities assigned to supersede traditional government activities. This paper identifies how non-profit organizations miraculously appear with no past performance or history only to receive committed funding, often in excess of the originally expenditure to manage civil sector programs. The information presented within this paper offers supporting information toward nonprofit organizations and issues of political corruption.

My First Morning At School

It was the seventeenth March 1997. My first day of aim. I dragged myself out of bed at 730 am. I went to the toilet to wash my face, where I saw a big red spot on my frontal bone that was the first sign of bad luck. I heard my mum coming out of her room, argon you ready for your big day?No, I moaned anxiously, pretending to be sick.You are going to school today, so dont even try it. My mum could see right through me, and knew I wasnt sick.I was unfeignedly scared as I stepped through the front gates of what was about to be my new school, computation every step I took.My mum led me to the general office we were 20 minutes late. I was really scared. I started to shake. My heart started beating twice as fast. I knew all of the children were already at heart the classroom. They were going to watch every move I made.We were kept intimate the office for about half(prenominal) an hour. Shortly after came a frightening old women with grey hair, who looked remarkably like Cinderellas s tep mother. She came in and said to my mother, Are you Miss Omar?Yes, my mum said, sounding like a robot boring and repetitive, a booby expression on her face.Come follow me. Right this way, the women said, very happily.My mum and I followed her as she led us to my new classroom. She opened the admission really slowly, causing the old and rotten door to make a terrifying noise. This attracted all the students attention. I was really embarrassed as I stood outside of the classroom. She went in and called the leading classroom teacher outside for a moment, to have a word with my mum. I was told to introduce my mother and myself, and teacher introduced herself her name was Ms.Willis.I went interior the classroom with my teacher. Even though I was taller than most of them I felt as though I was surrounded by giants. Ms. Willis told everyone to sit on a nasty dirty carpet that had chewing gum all over it, which was at the patronage of the classroom, and told me to introduce myself to introduce myself to everyone.We were told to sit in alphabetical order I was told to sit next to trine girls. I was really nervous because they kept on looking at my forehead. I got really angry, and said, hold on it in a really deep and angry voice. They were shocked and had puzzled expressions.My teacher came to me with a blank exercise book and a reading book, Can you read? I nodded my head knowing petty of what she meant.Read this book for me, Ms. Willis said.I read the book with an awkward accent. She gave me the exercise book and told me to write my name, mathematics and 5W, because that was my classs name.It was 1200 pm. My teacher shouted out, Stop what you are doing and line up outside. I followed everyone as they stopped and lined up outside, and stood at the back of the line. My teacher came out locked the door and led us to this big shiny stairwell. It was so clean and shiny you could see your reflection on the floor.I stepped inside the stairwell it was reeking of e xpired food. Every step I took, the smell was hastenting worse and worse. We finally got inside the dinner hall. It was big there were 14 long tables inside it. You would have to be quiet to get your lunch but my table was noisy so we didnt get to go first. We eventually got there I felt humiliated by the food the school was offering. It looked like food that was cooked yesterday. That was the final humiliation of the day.

Pervasis Case Study

Pervasis Receives Orphan dose date in Europe for Vascugel to Prevent Arteriovenous Access Failure in patients Undergoing hemodialysis Cell-Based Therapy Aims to consecrate the Bodys Healing Response, Promoting Vascular Repair, Reducing the Need for Repeat Surgical Procedures and Improving Patient Outcomes Cambridge, Mass. , March 1, 2011 Pervasis Therapeutics, Inc. announced today that the European Commission (EC) has granted Orphan Drug Designation for Vascugel for the cake of hemodialysis vascular access failure in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD).The assigning follows a positive opinion from The Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products (COMP) within the European Medicines Agency (EMA) preliminary this year. Vascugel is a novel endothelial carrell-based therapy that aims to regulate the bodys healing rejoinder following running(a) interventions to create vascular access which are necessary for ESRD patients to a lower placegoing hemodialysis.By promoting and enhancing vascular repair, Vascugel reduces the need for repeat surgical interventions and improves boilersuit patient outcomes. ESRD is an advanced and irreversible condition diplomacyed mainly by hemodialysis or kidney transplantation. It is estimated that much than 250,000 ESRD patients in the EU receive hemodialysis, a blood purification therapy designed to replace critical kidney functions much(prenominal) as filtering waste.Orphan Drug Designation by the EC provides regulatory and financial incentives for companies to develop and market therapies that treat a life-threatening or chronically debilitating condition affecting no more than five dollar bill in 10,000 persons in the European Union (EU). In addition to a 10year period of marketing exclusivity in the EU after intersection point approval, Orphan Drug Designation provides companies with scientific advice and regulatory assistance from the EMA during the product development phase, direct access to centralized mark eting authorization, as well as reductions in veritable fees. We are committed to bringing Vascugel to patients with end stage renal disease who currently moldiness rear serious complications and repeat surgical procedures so they force out continue to receive life-saving hemodialysis treatment, Frederic Chereau, president and knob executive officer of Pervasis. Receiving Orphan Drug Designation in the EU is an important step, as it forget help to advance the development process, and get up our ability to deliver our novel cellbased therapeutic approach to cover this signifi stubt unmet medical need. Vascugel has exhibit proof of concept in two Phase 2 clinical trials involving patients with ESRD who require a permanent arteriovenous (AV) access in order to undergo hemodialysis. In these trials, Vascugel exhibited an glorious safety profile, and encouraging efficacy trends were observed, including improved duration of patency (or unimpeded blood hunt) and a chequer in tim e to first intervention as compared to placebo. In 2009, Pervasis received Orphan Drug Designation from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for Vascugel in patients with ESRD. Pervasis announced last month that the FDA had granted Fast spread over review status for Vascugel. Last year, Pervasis reached an agreement with the FDA for a Phase 3 clinical trial of Vascugel under the Agencys Special Protocol Assessment (SPA) procedure, whereby FDA formalized its agreement that the design of the Phase 3 trial was acceptable to support a regulatory submission seeking new drug approval.Failure of Hemodialysis Access Points Leads to Poor Outcomes During hemodialysis, blood is removed from the body, filtered through a dialyzer, or artificial kidney, and then returned to the body. Patients must undergo a surgical intervention to create a vascular access that enables blood to flow from the body to the dialyzer and back to the body. AV fistulae (created by directly joining an artery and vein) and AV grafts (created development a synthetic tube to join an artery and vein) are the two primary types of hemodialysis access.Due to an incendiary cascade triggered by surgical intervention, the vascular access often has difficulty healing, and quickly become unserviceable or clot rapidly, prompting the need for additional, recurring surgeries to create a new access which can lead to multiple complications. Up to 60 percent of all arteriovenous (AV) grafts require re-intervention after integrity year. 1, 2 AV access failure is the most parking lot reason for hospitalization among hemodialysis patients and can lead to anemia, infection, weight loss, jaundice, prolonged bleeding, and other serious complications. Vascugel Combating Inflammation and Promoting Healing Pervasis novel approach to cell therapy uses adult-differentiated allogeneic endothelial cells (donor endothelial cells with a highly targeted biologic function) embedded in a polymer matrix to enhance the bod ys natural healing response. The endothelium is the thin layer of cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels in the body. Endothelial cells are critical to tissue repair and health, and have a well-understood role in rule many of the bodys healing processes, including those associated with vascular repair.Vascugel, which utilizes Pervasis patented endothelial cell-based platform, is placed on the outdoors of the blood vessel at the AV access site during the surgical intervention to create the access. The endothelial formulation in Vascugel secrete several factors that combat inflammation and promote proper vascular healing, reduce thrombosis (or clotting) and the formation of intimal hyperplasia, or a thickening of the blood vessel wall in response to injury. After approximately four to eight weeks, Vascugel is safely resorbed by the body.Pervasis other areas of clinical investigation take on improving outcomes in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) followi ng surgical procedures such as percutaneous transluminal angioplasties (PTAs) with stenting, the failures of which result in serious complications and a significant increase in medical costs. Earlier this year, Pervasis announced it has also embarked on an oncology development program using its proprietary endothelial cellbased platform to prevent inviolable tumor growth, cancer recurrence and metastatic disease. About Pervasis Dixon et al.DAC Study Group. Effect of dipyridamole plus aspirin on hemodialysis graft patency. N Engl J Med. 2009 360 2191-2201. 2 Hayashi et al. Vascular access for hemodialysis. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2006 2 504-513 3 Castner D. Recommendations for track arteriovenous access complications using a charting-by-exception model. Anna Journal, 1998 25(4) 393-396. 1 Pervasis Inc. is a clinical stage company that is exploitation groundbreaking endothelial cellbased therapies designed to regulate the bodys natural healing and repair processes in various critic al therapeutic areas.The company has initially focused on developing therapies to improve the outcomes of common vascular interventions, such as arteriovenous access, angioplasties, stent placements, and peripheral and coronary bypass grafts the failure of which result in serious complications and a significant increase in medical costs. The companys lead program, Vascugel, has demonstrated proof of concept and safety in two Phase 2 clinical trials.Pervasis is also applying its endothelial cell-based platform technology to develop an oncology therapy focused on preventing solid tumor growth, cancer recurrence and metastatic disease, as well as products for inflammatory disease and orthopedic injury. Pervasis is a privately held company with livelihood from Flagship Ventures, Polaris Venture Partners, Highland Capital Partners and the Richter Family Fund. For more information, please visit www. pervasistx. com. This news release contains certain(a) forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties.Such statements are only predictions and the companys actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements. Factors that may cause such differences include the timing of clinical trials, the risk that products that appeared promising in early research and clinical trials do not demonstrate safety or efficacy in clinical trials and the risk that the company will not obtain approval to market its products. Company speck Margaret OToole Pervasis Therapeutics, Inc. 617-871-1201 emailprotected com Media Contact Liz Falcone Feinstein Kean Healthcare 617-256-6622 liz. emailprotected com

Alzheimer’s Disease – Essay 2

Alzheimers complaint Joy Pachowicz PSY 350 Professor Alina Sheppe Perez May 15, 201 installation Alzheimers affection, despite being so widespread, is not really considered part of the aging process. According to Robert Feldman, author of the textbook, perceptiveness Psychology, only 19% of people who ar ages 75 to 84 suffer from this malady. It is only erstwhile they pass the age of 85, that the elderly need to be more concerned about the possibility of maturation Alzheimers disease. ( Feldman, p. 446)Fifty percent of all people over 85 years of age suffer from Alzheimers disease and researchers believe that if no cure for the disease is found by the year 2050 in that respect depart be 14 million people affected by this disease. (Feldman, p. 446) What is Alzheimers disease and how is it diagnosed? What atomic number 18 its symptoms and who are most apparent to explicate this disease? The purpose of this paper is to explore what Alzheimers disease is and offer most sugg estions of how to cuddle it in the future. What is Alzheimers Disease?According to the Alzheimers Foundation of America, Alzheimers Disease is a progressive, degenerative disorder that attacks the brains nerve cells, or neurons, resulting in the loss of memory, thinking, language skills, and behavioral changes (www. alzfdn. org) With Alzheimers disease, neuron cells are destroyed in the hippocampus, and this is what sparks the loss of short name memory and as neuron cells die in the cerebral cortex, so too the functionality of language and opened thinking sees a marked decline in the person who has developed Alzheimers disease (www. lzfdn. org) With Alzheimers disease, there is thinned production of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that is very much involved with our ability to memorize and retain information so, if there is a decrease in Acetylcholine our memorys ability to function suffers greatly. (Feldman, p. 66) Symptoms of Alzheimers Disease How does unmatched know to even natter with a specialist or seek out ones medical exam student regarding Alzheimers disease? There are some telltale symptoms that set up red flags of warning.If you see any of these symptoms, please see a physician to pin down if you make water Alzheimers disease 1. storehouse Loss that disrupts Daily Life 2. Difficulties in planning events or solving problems 3. Difficulties performing familiar tasks or househ superannuated work 4. Confusion with time or place. 5. Troubles interpretation visual images and spacial relationships 6. Problems with forming words or with communicating Losing items and not being able to remember what one recently did. 7. Failing and poor judgement 8. Withdrawal from work or social activities 9. Changes in vagary or Behavioral ( www. lz. org) Now just because you may pass water one or all these doesnt needs mean you have Alzheimers disease. Time is very much a key element in performing on these symptoms . If these symptoms persist over a long period of time then its time to have a professional evaluation of the symptoms. . Diagnosing Alzheimers Disease According to the Alzheimers Association, there are several go to cultivate when trying to diagnose Alzheimers disease. First, one must consult with his/her medical doctor. When tone ending, its weighty to take a copy of ones whole medical history.While at the consultation, one can be addicted a mental status test. Along with this test, a physical and neurological exam should be given. kindred tests should be taken to rule out other possible causes of memory loss. (www. alz. org) The specialists one could see to determine whether one is suffering from Alzheimers disease and not some other illness are Psychologists, Neurologists and Psychiatrist. (www. alz. org) Stages of Alzheimers Disease As with other diseases, Alzheimers has varying dos it progresses through as it develops in the body and affects the brain.The first do co nsists of the mere manifestation of the symptoms of Alzheimers disease, which we have already listed memory problems, difficulty forming words, forgetfulness etc. ( www. nia. nih. gov) The next stage would be what doctors would label the mild stage of Alzheimers disease. During this stage, cognitive abilities are more impaired. There are difficulties with handling money or paying bills. Repeating things over and over again begin to be notice. (www. nia. nih. gov) The mild stage gives way to the crack stage of Alzheimers disease.New symptoms appear and older ones worsen. Memory continues to decline in this stage. In this stage it becomes more and more difficult to recognize family and friends. In the moderate stage of Alzheimers disease there are hallucinations and paranoia. Its more difficult to get dressed, soften and perform simple task. ( www. nia. nih. gov) The final stage of Alzheimers disease is the severe stage. People with severe Alzheimers disease spend most their time in bed, sleeping. Their body shuts down. ( www. nia. nih. gov) Treating Alzheimers diseaseSince Alzheimers disease is caused by a plaque buildup in the synapse that prevents the communication of neurons, one to another researchers have found a way to allow these neurons to communicate despite this buildup. Donepezil is one such drug that has been released for the treatment of Alzheimers disease. other name for this drug is Aricept. What Aricept does is increases the memorys capacity. ( Feldman, p. 229) There are other drugs being tested but, rightfulness now the most popular treatment for Alzheimers disease is the use of Aricept. In the NewsResearchers of superior Sun Health Research appoint have been studying the relationship that copper and cholesterol have to Alzheimers disease. They believe that dementia is caused by tangles and plaque in the brain. Copper has been implicated in the increase progression of Alzheimers disease in those who have the disease. Cholesterol, which is a major cause of plaque buildup in other parts of the body, therefore, it can be a contributing cause of plaque buildup in the brain. (redorbit. com) In the BSHRI study, Sparks and his team performed a pilot study of long-term dietary cholesterol in four groups of rabbits. i group was administered normal food and water and three groups were administered increasing levels of a cholesterol diet for flipper months. Significantly, plasma levels of tau increased by 40 to 50 percent in each of the cholesterol-fed animal groups afterward five months of the experimental diet (redorbit. com) In another research program being conducted by scientists through the USF Health Byrd Alzheimers Institute, Indiana University and Floridas Alzheimers Disease Research Center a indisputable protein beta amyloid was singled out to be the cause of neurons malfunctioning that causes memory oss which is associated with Alzheimers Disease. (redorbit. com) By identifying a brand new and extremely important target of the amyloid proteins toxicity, we can develop drugs for Alzheimers disease that may protect the motors from inhibition and allow the brain to regenerate properly, said principal investigator Huntington Potter, PhD, a prof of Molecular Medicine who holds the Pfeiffer Endowed Chair for Alzheimers Disease Research. (redorbit. com) Coping with Alzheimers disease There are many ways to fight the adverse symptoms of Alzheimers disease.Below are some ways a person can cope with Alzheimers disease Keep a notebook handy to picture important numbers, appointments and dates. Use sticky note to help remember things of importance Keep important squall numbers next to telephone (in large print) Have a contact who will call to prompt of meal clock, appointments or other. Use a calendar to keep track of the day of week. Keep photos of important people around have names of who these important people are somewhere on the picture. When going out always have another person to go along, to avoid getting lost. For Care Providers Providing a wellnessy lifestyle is a must. Good nutrition, exercise and appropriate social interactions all help to develop a healthy environment for the Alzheimers patient. Have a planned daily routine .. so that Alzheimers patient can develop a sense of accomplishment and value. Choose proper times for activities. Many times night time is not a good time for Alzheimers patients. get along independence with the Alzheimers patient, let them do for themselves as much as possible. Speak slowly and sedately Make eye contact. Give simple instructions (webmd. com) Conclusion Alzheimers disease is a widely spread disease that affects a great number of elderly people worldwide. While it is frequently associated with old age it is not considered part of the aging process. Recent studies provided some hopeful ways to help wear out the spread of Alzheimers disease, and also provided warnings of what can happen if a cure to Alzheimers disease is not found.. While a person may show many symptoms of Alzheimers disease, only a medical doctor can confirm whether Alzheimers disease is present.Through various tests, doctors rule out other possible diseases before focusing on Alzheimers disease. Alzheimers disease has many stages and faces and the best approach is to arrest it while its in its early stages. Once Alzheimers settles in and brain cells moolah dying, the only thing left to do is to accommodate the limitations that come with the disease. Educating oneself about Alzheimers disease is a must for everyone. More than likely, every one of us will come face to face with it in one fashion or another.We will either be taking care of someone who has it or, we will develop it ourselves. Alzheimers disease affects both the patient and those around him/her. Take time to become versed of this disease, id worth the effort. . References Alzheimers Disease Special Tips for Maintaining a Normal life. Retrieved From. http// www. webmd. com/alzheimers/caregivers-09/memory-tips Coping With Alzheimers Special instruction manual for Care Providers. Retrieved From http//www. webmd. com/alzheimers/caregivers-09/caregivers-tips Feldman. R. F. (2008).Understanding Psychology. (8th Edition). NYC. New York. McGraw/Hill. National Institute On Aging. Care giver Guide. Retrieved from. http//www. nia. nih. gov/Alzheimers/Publications/caregiverguide. htm National Institute on Aging. Tips for Care Givers. Retrieved from. http//www. nia. nih. gov/nia. nih. gov Researchers Find Further Evidence Linking Alzheimers Disease to Copper and Cholesterol Retrieved from. http//www. redorbit. com/news/health/2046137/banner_sun_health_research_institute_res earchers_find_further_evidence_linking/index. html

Drug Abuse Prevention Essay

The term do medicines ab go for near a great deal refers to the engage of a medicine with such frequency that it ca enforces sensible or mental harm to the workoutr or impairs social functioning. Although the term seems to intimate that users abuse the drugs they gravel, in fact, it is themselves or otherwises they abuse by using drugs.Traditionally, the term drug abuse referred to the use of any drug prohibited by law, regardless of whether it was actually harmful or non. This meant that any use of hemp, for example, level if it occurred only once in a while, would constitute abuse, while the same level of alcoholic beverageic drink consumption would not. In 1973 the National Commission on Marihuana and drug Abuse decl ard that this comment was illogical. The term abuse, the commission stated, has no functional utility and has become no to a greater extent than an arbitrary enter word for that drug presently considered wrong. As a run, this definition fell into disuse.The term drug is normally associated with substances that whitethorn be purchased legitimately by prescription medicine for medical use, such as penicillin, which is almost neer step, and Valium, which is frequently abused, or outlawed substances, such as angel dust, which be taken for the point of acquiring towering, or intoxicated, but actually have no medical use. Other substances that may be purchased legally and are commonly abused hold alcohol (see alcoholism) and nicotine, contained in tobacco plant cigarettes. In addition, in new-fangled age, chemists working in black-market, clandestine laboratories have developed new chemicals that have been used for the purpose of get high. (These are called designer drugs.) All of these substances are psychoactive. Such substanceslegal and illegalinfluence or demasculinize the workings of the mind they affect moods, emotions, feelings, and thinking processes.Drug DependenceDrug abuse must be distinguished from drug dependence. Drug dependence, var.erly called drug crankion, is defined by three basic characteristics. First, users cross to take a drug over an extended period of fourth dimension. Just how long this period is depends on the drug and the user. Second, users findit difficult to stop using the drug. They seem powerless to quit. Users take extraordinary and often harmful measures to continue using the drug. How dependency-producing a drug is can be measured by how frequently users go through to continue taking it.Third, if users stop taking their drugif their supply of the drug is chip off, or if they are forced to quit for any reasonthey depart undergo painful physical or mental distress. The experience of withdrawal symptoms distress, called the withdrawal syndrome, is a sure sign that a drug is dependency-producing and that a given user is dependent on a particular drug. Drug dependence may lead to drug abuseespecially of illegal drugs.Psychoactive, or mind-altering, su bstances are found the world over. The coca plant grows in the Andes of South America and contains 1 to 2 share cocaine. The marihuana plant, Cannabis sativa, contains a group of chemicals called tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC. This plant grows wild in most countries, including the unify States. The opium poppy is the source for opium, morphine, heroin, and codeine. It grows in the centre East and the Far East. Hallucinogens (such as LSD), the amphetamines (speed), and sedatives, such as methaqual one (Quaalude, or ludes) and barbitu ranges, are manufactured in clandestine laboratories worldwide. As a result, psychoactive drugs are used for the purpose of intoxication practically all over (see drug trafficking).Classification of Psychoactive DrugsPharmacologists, who study the effects of drugs, classify psychoactive drugs according to what they do to those who take them. Drugs that speed up signals passing through the nervous system, which is made up of the brain and spinal cord, and pee alertness and arousal and, in higher doses, excitability, and inhibit fatigue and sleep, are called stimulants. They include the amphetamines, cocaine, caffeine, and nicotine. Drugs that retard, slow down, or depress signals passing through the central nervous system and produce relaxation, a glareing of anxiety, and, at higher doses, drowsiness and sleep, are called depressants.They include sedatives, such as barbiturates, methaqualone, and alcohol, and tranquilizers, such asValium. Constituting one decided kind of depressants are those which dull the minds perception of pain and in medicine are used as painkillers, or analgesics. These drugs are called narcotics. They include heroin, morphine, opium, and codeine. In addition to their painkilling properties, these depressants in like manner produce a strong high and are intensely dependency-producing. Some drugs cannot be placed neatly in this stimulant-depressant spectrum. Hallucinogens include LSD, mescaline, and psi locybin. Such drugs produce unusual mental states, such as psychedelic visions. Marijuana is generally regarded as not belonging to any of these categories but as a drug type unto itself.History of Drug Abuse in the United StatesDuring the 19th century there were virtually no controls on the importation, sale, purchase, possession, or use of psychoactive drugs at the federal level and very(prenominal) few at the state level. heartbreaking substances such as opium, cocaine, and morphine were basic ingredients in patent medicines that could be purchased by anyone for any reason, without a prescription. These nostrums were used to cure headaches, toothaches, depression, nervousness, alcoholism, menstrual crampsin fact, practically every human ailment.As a result of the ready availability of addicting drugs, and as a result of their heavy use for medical problems, many individuals became accustomed to the narcotics contained in these patent medicines. In fact, in 1900, there were mor e narcotics addicts, proportionate to the population, than there are today. At that time, most of the users who became addicts were medical addicts. Very few abusers took drugs for recreational purposes. In 1914, in an effort to curb the indiscriminate use of narcotics, the federal government passed the Harrison deed, making it illegal to obtain a narcotic drug without a prescription. During the 1920s the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that maintaining addicts on narcotic drugs, even by prescription, was in violation of the Harrison Act. Approximately 30,000 physicians were arrested during this period for dispensing narcotics, and most 3,000 actually served prison sentences. Consequently, doctors all but abandoned the discourse of addicts for closely half a century in the UnitedStates.The use of narcotic drugs dropped sharply in the United States between the 1920s, when there were as many as half a million addicts, and 1945, when the addict population was almost 40,0 00 to 50,000. The recreational use of other drugs, such as marijuana, cocaine, stimulants, hallucinogens, and sedatives, which are used so frequently today, also remained at extremely low levels during this period. The mid-sixties, however, was a watershed decade. The widening use of illegal drugs accompanied increased tolerance for a wide range of unconventional behavior. The period saw the yield of movements that stood in opposition to the Vietnam War and to mainstream American culture, the coming into popularity of rock music, and enormous publicity devoted to drugs, their users and proselytizers.During this time some social groups viewed drug use in positive terms and believed it a virtue to device on someone who did not use drugs. Although media attention to drugs and drug use declined between the late mid-sixties and late 1970s, the use of drugs did not. The late 1970s and 1980s represent another turning point in the recreational use of marijuana, hallucinogens, sedatives, a nd amphetamines. Studies show a large drop in the use of most drug types through the 1980s, but a significant increase since 1990.The 1980s witnessed the development of a new form of an old drug (crack), the widespread use of a drug that was not previously taken on a recreational basis (Ecstasy, or MDMA), and the resurgence of a drug that was widely abused in the 1960s but then fell into disuse for a time (methamphetamine, or ice). wear out is a smokable derivative of cocaine that began to be used on a widespread basis scratch in 1985 heavily abused in the inner cities in the late 1980s, it has since fallen off in use.Chemically related to amphetamines, MDMA was developed archean in the 20th century as an zest suppressant it is not easily classified, although most observers regard it as a hallucinogen. In the 1980s it had a brief vogue among college students, intellectuals, and psychiatric patients seeking spiritual and redress insight its use has declined into the 1990s. Metha mphetamine had a brief run among speed freaks in the late 1960s, who took huge intravenous doses on a compulsive, addicting basis. In 1989 ice emerged on the West Coast asa drug of choice. Its use has been far greater in some areas than others, and no national epidemic of methamphetamine abuse has developed.Patterns of Drug UseThe illegal use of psychoactive drugs is extensive in the United States. Some 78 million Americans age 12 and over have tried at to the lowest degree one or more prohibited drugs for the purpose of getting high. The illegal drug trade represents an enormous economic enterp countermand, with annual gross sales estimated to be $40 to $100 billionmore than the total net sales of the largest U.S. corporation. About 60 percent of the illegal drugs sold worldwide end up in the United States.By far the most commonly used illegal drug is marijuana. Roughly half of the total of all illegal drug use involves marijuana alone. in that respect was a substantial decline i n all measures or levels of marijuana use throughout the 1980s. In 1979, 31% of 12-to-17-year-olds and 68% of 18-to-25-year-olds had at least tried marijuana by 1990 the comparable figures had shrunk to 15% and 52%. Since 1990 the use of marijuana has risen significantly, especially among schoolchildren.In 1990, 27% of high school seniors had used marijuana during the past year, while in 1996 this was 36 percent the rise among eighth- and tenth-graders was even sharper. Cocaine is the second most commonly used illegal drug in the United States. In 1995 there were roughly 1.5 million monthly or more cocaine users in the United States, a decline from 5.7 million in 1985. Heroin is less widely used, but it has been used at least once by roughly one American in 100.Most people who have taken illegal drugs have done so on an experimental basis. They typically try the drug once to a dozen times and then cease using it. Of all illegal drugs, marijuana is the one users are most likely to c ontinue using. Discontinuation rates are very high for drugs such as methaqualone, sedatives, barbiturates, heroin, and LSD. Even most unfaltering users of illegal drugs are moderate in their use. The typical regular marijuana smoker is an occasional user. Still, a sizable minority does use the drug frequently, to the point of abuse. In 1996 about 5% of all highschool seniors used marijuana daily or nearly daily (20 or more times in 30 days). A pattern of episodic, regular use characterizes nearly all drug use for the purpose of recreation. This does not deny the problem of the heavy, chronic abuser of these drugs.Drug Law EnforcementIn 1970 the Congress of the United States passed the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and require Act (Drug Control Act). Most of the states followed suit, basing their state legislation on the federal model. The Drug Control Act distinguishes among several categories of drugs based on their supposed abuse potential and medical utility. Drugs that supposedly have a high potential for abuse and no currently accepted medical use, including heroin, LSD and the other hallucinogens, and marijuana, may be used legally only in federally approved scientific research.In roughly half of the states, marijuana has been approved for medical use, but it body illegal by federal law. In practice, the criminal justice system distinguishes between hard and soft drugs it is unlikely that a first-time offender arrested for small-quantity marijuana possession will ever serve a prison sentence.Drugs such as morphine, cocaine, the amphetamines, and short-acting barbiturates are also regarded as having great abuse potential, even though they have accepted uses in medicine. Rigid prescription procedures maintain extremely tight controls over use. Drugs such as long-acting barbiturates and nonnarcotic painkillers are considered to have a lesser abuse potential, although they may lead to low physical dependence or high mental dependence.These drugs h ave more relaxed controls, as do tranquilizers, and are classified as having low abuse potential. There has been a notable drop in the number of prescriptions written for psychoactive drugs that were most often abused in the 1960s and early 1970s. By the mid-1990s the number of prescriptions written for barbiturates and the amphetamines was one-tenth of what it was in 1970. Many other countries have also placed severe restrictions on the prescribing of drugs by doctors and have thus greatly trim down the frequency of their abuse.Restricting psychoactive pharmaceuticals brought about a reduction in the number of legal prescriptions written for them. A decline in the illegal street use of these same drugs lagged a few years behind the decline in legal prescriptions. In 1975, 11% of high school seniors said that they had taken barbiturates for nonmedical purposes during the previous year in 1996, that figure was 5%. For methaqualone, completely outlawed in 1985, the comparable figure s were 5% and 1%. The illegal use of amphetamine in the mid-1990s is half of what it was in the late 1970s and early 1980s. However, many forms of nonmedical drug use among the young have risen since the early 1990s.The demand for drugs for illegal purposes remains high despite law-enforcement efforts. In 1996 there were about 1.5 million arrests on drug violations in the United States drug arrests have nearly doubled over the past decade. Each year there are roughly 300,000 arrests on marijuana charges, and nearly 80% are for simple possession. The risk of arrest does not deter substantial numbers of Americans from selling and using illegal drugs.TreatmentFrom the 1920s until the 1960s directment for drug abuse in the United States was practically nonexistent. Following the enforcement of the Harrison Act during the 1920s, few physicians were willing to treat addicts. During the 1930s two Public Health Service prison hospitals were opened, but their patients had a relapse rate of roughly 80% during the 1970s the federal government closed them down. Since the 1920s the primary treatment course of study for most addicts has been no treatment at all until recently, arrest has simply resulted in incarceration and because forcible detoxification. The dramatic explosion in the use and abuse of a number of illegal drugs during the 1960s demonstrated the weakness of this approach. As a result, a range of treatment programs, developed largely in the 1960s, have been widely used.Methadone is an addictive synthetic narcotic used to combat narcotic addiction. A hospital or a clinic administers the drug, usually dissolved inartificial orange juice drink. interpreted this way, the addict does not get high. Methadone blocks the action of narcotics so that addicts cannot become high, even if they were to inject heroin. jibe to the programs rationale, addicts will then stop taking heroin. Although patients remain addicted to methadone, they can cognise a normal life, si nce the drug supply is steady and secure. Plus, they are no longer exposed to wellness risks like AIDS and hepatitis from shared needles used for injecting drugs. Because the program is inexpensive to administer, methadone has become a very popular form of treatment roughly 100,000 narcotic addicts in the United States are treated in this program.The drug naltrexone has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treating alcoholism and heroin addiction, in project with an appropriate counseling program. Naltrexone reduces cravings for alcohol and heroin, thereby decreasing relapse rates.Therapeutic communities (TCs), such as Daytop settlement in New York and Walden House in San Francisco, advocate a completely drug- and alcohol-free existence. Addicts live in the therapeutic communities, and many of the administrators are ex-addicts, who can best understand the addict residents. The view of all TCs is that the addict uses drugs as a crutch. TCs attempt to resociali ze the addict by inculcating a value system that is the opposite of what prevailed on the street. check out in therapeutic communities is strict, penalties for breaking rules are severe, peer pressure is unrelenting, and the program benevolently dictatorial. Because of the strictness, many residents get away against the advice, and without the permission, of the staff. TCs seem to be effective for a limited segment of the addict populationthose who are young, middle-class, and passing motivated to quit drugs. The programs are expensive to administer there are far fewer patients in them than in methadone-maintenance programs.The Legalization DebateIn the 1990s there has been a strong call among some experts, politicians, judges, and government officials for the removal of all criminal penaltiesfor the sale, possession, and use of illegal drugs. This development has taken place at a time when public opposition to such a constitution has actually grown. The legalization or decrimin alization program rests on three assumptions drug abuse will not rise significantly under legalization these illegal drugs are less harmful than the legal drugs alcohol and tobacco and are less harmful than generally believed and the current policy of arresting and imprisoning for drug possession and sale does more harm than good.No one can know for sure whether drug use and abuse will rise, fall, or remain stable under legalization. In nine U.S. states and in the Netherlands, where small-quantity marijuana possession has been partially decriminalized, there has been no sharp rise in the use of this drug. Evidence suggests, however, that criminalization of some drugs has produced lower use and abuse, and that legalization, if accompanied by lower cost and ready availability, might result in a significant rise in use and abuse.For example, legal controls on certain prescription drugs has been followed by a decline in their illegal street use. In addition, the continuance rates of the legal drugs alcohol and tobacco are strikingly higher than for illegal drugs. For the most part, the use of the illegal drugs tends to be more occasional and occasional, and more likely to be given up, than the use of legal drugs. In the United States, outlawing the sale of alcohol to persons under the age of 21 has produced a significant decline in its use, as well as in the number of alcohol-related fatalities in this age group.Many current users, abusers, and addicts state that they would take drugs more frequently if drugs were legalized and readily available. And contrary to the stereotype, evidence suggests that, during prohibition (1920-33), alcohol consumption dropped significantly. There is much information to prognosticate that the abuse of drugs might very well rise under a policy of legalization or decriminalization.The prolegalization groups are almost certainly right that crime and certain medical maladies among drug abusers would decline if drugs were legalized. p erchance a third path somewhere between the current punitive policy andfull legalization would be most effective. Needle veer programs have cut down on drug-related AIDS contagion in Liverpool, England. The Dutch policy of de facto decriminalization for marijuana and hashish has not resulted in a rise in use or abuse.Perhaps the guiding policy on drug use ought to be on harm reduction rather than waging a war on drug abuse. Some aspects of this policy should include a flexible or selective enforcement, vastly expanding drug treatment programs, needle exchange programs, a distinction between hard (cocaine and heroin) and soft drugs (marijuana), expanding antidrug educational efforts, and focusing on reducing the use and abuse of tobacco and alcohol. The first priority should be to make sure that the users and abusers harm themselves and others as dwarfish as possible.